نشریه نشاء علم
سال دهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 20، خرداد 1399)

The coronavirus is an unknown object which is yet to be explored and known. The mission of the coronavirus is not solely to be the cause of disease, human death, and destruction, but also it has other distinctly different functions that need to be explored and examined. Study of this pandemic is not to be confined within the sole realm of life sciences and medical studies; it is to be investigated within the context of multidisciplinary approach including the domain of studies that deal with epistemology, humanities, art, social science, fields of human cognitive insight as well as basic science and medical science. The point of origination of this phenomenon as a pandemic event may be sought in a condition caused by an occurrence of unbalance state within our biological, social life condition where what is happening now is a reaction as a natural response to this unbalanced state. Such a response can be viewed as a corrective action where it is part of a natural response to secure the necessary balance that governs the universe, we live in. If we were able to devise a multifaceted algorithm in three main categories of literacies: general literacy knew as common knowledge, scientific literacy, and finally, a more profound sense or insight often referred to as human wisdom literacy. Therefore, for our understanding of this coronavirus, it is also necessary to use wisdom literacy combined with a clear conscience and inner heart whereby the help of divine guidance, one would be able to understand different functioning of the current coronavirus. No doubt, in every scientific study and research effort, we need to apply wisdom and knowledge for the understanding of phenomena under study such as the coronavirus pandemic and to examine both positives and negative dimensions of a phenomenon under study. The presence of this virus has been a cause for the human being to organize and adopt a new lifestyle, part of which is to use cyberspace. We will be witnessing further development of this virtual world of internet and communication technologies in which human works and activities would be recorded where it will be possible to revive and explore them at other times. At any rate, the coronavirus is a cause to learn and use it as a lesson for current and future generations so that mankind modifies his lifestyle and move towards a more balanced life condition. One of the best alternatives’ life conditions is to secure a balance of human inner nature combined with high respect to nature and give high value to our natural life.

Based on the number of recorded indexes in the Web of Science (WOS) in Clarivate Analytics, the number of Iranian scientific documents is 47260 (2.06% of the world value and rank of 16; one improvement stage compared to the previous year) in science, 3164 (0.77% of the world value and rank of 32; similar to the previous year) in social sciences, 244 (0.21% of the world value and rank of 40; four improvement stage compared to the previous year) in art and humanities and 48292 (1.87% of the world value and rank of 16; one improvement stage compared to the previous year) in total, in 2019. Increase the number of scientific documents relative to past year was 14.3%, which in comparison to two before years shows much more acceleration. In 2019, Iran was able to surpass Switzerland in the production of scientific documents and increase its rankfrom 17th to 16th. In Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI), Iran had 11389 records of indexes in 2019 and by 3.3% contribution obtained the rank of ninth, similar to the previous year. Similar to the last year, USA, China and England were the ranks of one to three in the world due to their contributions of 26.5%, 20.5% and 7.0%, respectively, for scientific documents productions in 2019. University of Tehran, Tehran University of Medical Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University and Amir Kabir University of Technology were the five top governmental universities in 2019 respectively, as the previous year. 15.0% of scientific documents are related to the all branches of Islamic Azad University in 2019. The number of highlycited and hot articles in the country along with the number of citations to published Iranian articles has been growing well, which shows the growth of the quality of scientific documents in the past few years.

Due to the ease of transportation in the modern world and the lack of familiarity with the human immune system, the new coronavirus quickly crossed the borders of the country after it first appeared in China late 2019. Through the rapid spreading to more than 171 countries in the world, it now becomes the biggest challenge after World War II. Tens of thousands of people, including many medical staff, have been infected and thousands have died, but effective and definitive treatment has not yet been reported. On the other hand, concerted global efforts to halt epidemi of the killer virus have been started few months ago and continue by now. To this end, many governments, organizations, institutions and charities around the world have begun to provide serious support to universities and pharmaceutical companies. Because of this monetary support, dozens of vaccines and antibodies have been developed that are in clinical trial stages and are likely to be released soon. In addition to the design of new vaccines and antibodies, other drugs, particularly those used for viral infections, and traditional herbal remedies have also been given the opportunity to re-emerge. Also, many projects have used the potential capacity of stem cells to control this infectious disease. The construction of new and innovative drugs is also on the agenda of scientists. Considering the genetic information of spike protein, several DNA, RNA and protein vaccines have been developed, so far. The spike protein is also a good target for many of the antibodies that are being made, which will neutralize the virus by binding to this protein that protruded from the viral surface. Some pharmacological antibodies, such as Kevzara, Leronlimab, and Actemra, which have previously been used to treat other conditions, have recently been suggested to reduce pulmonary inflammation and facilitate the pulmonary ventilation in the patients. Also, the antiviral medicines Lopinavir, Ritonavir, Remdesivir, Galidesivir, Oseltamivir, Darunavir, Triazavirin, and the antibiotic Brilacidin, and several other important drugs, have attracted the attention of physicians and researchers to combat the disease. The plant-based compounds such as the anti-malarial drug chloroquine, glycyrrhizinate diammonium from licorice root juice, and the Flavonoid baicalin have also shown positive results in controlling this viral disease. This article describes the pioneering plans in the field of trial drugs in various stages of clinical trials for the treatment of covid-19. Throughout the thousands of years of history, mankind has repeatedly experienced the epidemi/pandemi of infectious and fatal diseases, and the recent pandemi will not be the last of them. Therefore, investing in strengthening the scientific and practical infrastructure of our universities and pharmaceutical companies, will bring about lower costs for our country through the similar health crises that will unavoidablyhappen in the future.

Curcumin, a natural compound derived from turmeric, has antioxidant, anti-tumor and antiinflammatory activities. Accumulated evidence indicated curcumin plays an inhibitory role against infection of numerous viruses. Curcumin exerts its antiviral activity on various viruses through different mechanisms. These mechanisms involve either a direct interference of viral replication machinery or suppression of cellular signaling pathways essential for viral replication. Many studies have shown a direct interaction of curcumin with intracellular proteins to prevent viral replication. In addition, curcumin, due to its chemical properties can inhibit the viral infection of the host cell by interfering the viral membrane of enveloped viruses due to its hydrophobic properties and interaction with surface glycoproteins. In fact, curcumin reduces viral replication by inhibiting viral binding at the cell surface. This potential property of curcumin can be make it a candidate for an anti-viral drug design by increasing its bioavailability. In this article, it is suggested that the effect of curcumin on the coronavirus-19 be studied experimentally because this virus belongs to enveloped viruses and curcumin may be able to prevent the virus from entering the host cell by altering membrane fluidity due to its hydrophobic properties.

Currently, nCoV-2019 has affected more than 100 countries around the world, including Iran. This widespread epidemic has caused concern in the scientific and medical community because little information is available about the new virus and there is no specific treatment for it. Therefore, in this article we tried to give deeper information about virus of possible origin of the new coronavirus and its relationship with other previous coronaviruses. So, the mechanism of virus entry into the human cell and the factors involved in this process, such as virus proteins, are described. Other information presented here includes clinical signs of the disease and laboratory methods for detecting the virus, the stability of the virus at different levels, the zoonotic transmission, preventive measures such as strengthening the immune system and and treatment strategies such as plasma therapy. Also, this study provides evidence of amino acid changes in genomic specimens, the creation of new species, and the possibility that the virus may develop or be laboratory. Finally, some of the issues that remain unclear are discussed here.

By destroying natural habitats, different species are forced to live in close proximity, and as a result, pathogens are transmitted from one species to another. Hunting animals for food and trading in global markets causes viruses, such as corona virus19, to mutate from animals to humans. Research shows that the coronavirus can be transmitted from humans to animals, especially to pets such as cats and dogs. The coronavirus is able to cross species boundaries and by transmitting from one species to another, causing a global pandemic. In addition, pets can carry the coronavirus on their skin or hair without being infected with the virus. Therefore, caution is required and it is recommended to follow health protocols provided by the authorities to prevent the disease. Pets are dependent on human and should not be released in nature, because of the coronavirus pandemic. Leaving pets in the wild is immoral and poses a threat to these animals and the environment. All animals have equal rights to live, and all animals must be respected.

Architectural design can show the environment more comfortable and aesthetically pleasing, which leads to reduction of patients' stress as well as increasing their satisfaction with the environment. The purpose of designing a treatment space is to offer enhanced medical services taking the mental and psychological conditions of users into account. Therapeutic spaces need to be of an acceptable quality that reduces patients' mental and emotional stress and helps to improve their spirit. In this article based on literature survey, some of the effective factors reducing the stress of the users and treatment spaces are introduced through the environmental design, including lighting, color, furniture, and the external environment. The data collection methodology is through library studies as well as study of domestic and foreign samples. Finally, the factors influencing stress reduction in therapeutic spaces are comprehensively discussed in detail. These factors can yield to creation of a more welcoming environment for the patient and create the required conditions for them to undergo a course of treatment. Taking advantage of these factors, it can be expected that medical centers, in addition to treatment, can be a suitable, beautiful and less stressed environment for patients, companions, staff and physicians.

Many scientists and experts have tried to provide better conditions for human comfort with the help of science and technology.From the following two paths, such as existence and non-existence, wisdom and love, matter and meaning, color and colorlessness, medicine and placebo, and in short, we are too far and too close. Since many of the ancients, including sages, poets, and philosophers, are examples that have watered down their inner pleasures and love, here we have also used their poems and sayings to prove our claim. Some of the functions of nature and living things that have evolved in the realm of nature have been examined as a model in this discussion. To do so, the functioning of many organisms, not just living organisms but also non-living organisms such as viruses, including the coronavirus, can be the basis for new patterns and definitions of future scientific and technological algorithms. Paying attention to the subject of the biomimetic shows us brilliant ways that we did not imagine before.

The field of quantum computing is one of the areas of new technologies known as quantum technologies. Quantum technologies are based on the laws and principles of quantum physics that govern subatomic world. These laws and principles presented since 1900 and changed our viewpoint toward matter construction. These principles and rules, since the second half of the twentieth century, have become the main parameters for formation of quantum technologies in many different fields such as electronics, medicine, and telecommunications and so on. Quantum computing is one of quantum technologies. Quantum computers are of very high computational power, being able to perform computations that take thousands of years with classical computers. Quantum computers do not have the limitations of classic computers. Although these computers, with absolute superiority over classic computers, have not been made yet, the built-in computers are highly efficient and have reached to commercial scale. The announcement of one of the quantum computers companies (D-Wave Systems) for collaboration to find a cure for COVID-19 is an example of the feasibility and high efficiency of these computers. This high computing power can be used in many other areas, including agriculture, finance, and cyber security and so on. In this article, after introducing quantum computers and their types in a simple and not so technical statement, we point out their potential applications in various fields. Furthermore, we present some suggestions for its implementation in our country.